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中元节的来历和风俗

中元节的来历和风俗

zengjiajia 点击:1531℃ 2021-07-09 09:26:50

Tips:点击图片进入下一页或下一篇图

中元节也称之为“鬼节”,这一天人们要祭祀先人,还有些人在这一天要到河边去放河灯,传说这天是地狱开门值日,已故的祖先可回家团圆,因此也是鬼节。那么中元节的由来是什么呢?还有中元节的习俗都有哪些呢?接下来让我们来看看吧!


中元节的由来及习俗:

中元节的由来

“中元”之名起于北魏,是道教的说法。根据古书记载:道经以正月十五是“上元”,为天官赐福日;七月十五是“中元”,为地官赦罪日;十月十五是“下元”,为水官解厄日。据《修行记》记载:“七月中元日,地官降下,定人间善恶,道士于是夜诵经,饿节囚徒亦得解脱。”因此,在七月十五日这一天,民间都会准备丰富的牲礼,祭拜地官大帝及祖先。

中元节是道教与中国传统民俗相结合的产物,二者能够相应,主要是基于同一宇宙观:即天、地、水三界,被神格化为天官、地官、水官所统辖的三界府署。民间通称的“三界公”,便是以三官泛指三界众神。

中国东汉末年,天师道便已综合前道教期的宇宙观,首过需上“三官手书”,分别投于天、地、水中,表示向三官忏悔罪过,以祈求平安。经历六朝时期的发展后,三会日与三元思想结合,在唐代官方的提倡下,上元、中元、下元等三元日定型化,成为祈福纳吉、祭祖拜神的三元节日,皇帝率百官参与节日仪式。唐、宋以后,三元日成为民俗节日。

中元节时,道教宫观,如地安门火神庙、西便门外白云观等为了祈祷“风调雨顺、国泰民安”每年照例举办“祈福吉祥道场”。因为惧厉的心理,民众于日常生活中复合儒、佛、道三教,将农历七月十五的中元节称为鬼节,称农历7月为“鬼月”。

佛教传入后,佛教中也有一种追荐祖先的超度仪式,称为“屋兰玛纳”(印度话ULLAMBANA),也就是“孟兰盆会”。孟兰盆的意义是倒悬,人生的痛苦有如倒挂在树头上的蝙蝠,悬挂著、苦不堪言。为了使众生免於倒悬之苦,便需要诵经,布绝食物给孤魂野鬼。此举正好和中国的鬼月祭拜不谋而合,且佛教也是在农历七月十五这一天举行超度法会,因而中元节和孟兰会便同时流传下来。

中元节习俗

中元节“庙普”

每逢七月,民间必定会举行隆重的庆祝活动,全国各地,无论是商业区还是组屋区,都可以看到庆中元的红色招纸,张灯结彩,设坛酬神。“普度”仪式是中元节中最最重要的环节,大致可分为街普、市普、庙普等,以街坊为主的普度称为“街普”,以市场为主的普度称为“市普”,由庙宇住持的普度称为“庙普”。普度通常以寺庙为中心,附近居民将祭品拿到寺庙来祭祀,也有很多人在家门前摆放供桌,陈设祭品,还会在屋檐下挂纸灯。

祭祖节在阴历七月十五,所以简称“七月半”祭祖。但祭拜的仪式一般在七月底之前傍晚时分举行,并不局限于特定的一天,平常日子要对先人祭拜,一般都不动先人的牌位。到了祭祀的时候,则要把先人的牌位一一请出,恭恭敬敬地摆放在专门做祭拜用的供桌上,再在每位先人的牌位前插上香,每日晨、午、昏,供三次茶饭,直到七月三十送回为止。有先人画像的,也要请出挂起来。祭拜时,依照辈份和长幼次序,给每位先人磕头,默默祷告,祈求祖先保佑自己平安幸福。

送回时,要选择断黑之后,一般是一家之长及家中男丁携带炮竹、纸钱、香烛,找一块僻静的河畔或塘边平地,用石灰撒一圆圈,表示禁区。再在圈内泼些水饭,烧些纸钱衣物,称烧「包衣」,鸣放鞭炮,恭送祖先上路,回转“阴曹地府”。

现在,中元节的祭祖仪式已经简化,大部分地区都是在农历七月十五或七月十四傍晚开始举行祭祖仪式。祭祖仪式也已经简化了,逐渐剔除了迷信色彩,保留祭奠形式,作为对祖先的缅怀和纪念。

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